How the pieces move

Can a knight move backwards?

Updated · Sergei Tovmasian

Short answer

Yes. The knight's L works in all eight directions, so four of the eight squares it can reach from the centre are behind it. A knight on d2 can drop back to b1 or f1 whenever it likes. Every piece in chess can move backwards apart from the pawn, which is the only one with no reverse gear.

A knight on d2 has six squares: b1, b3, c4, e4, f3 and f1. Two of them, b1 and f1, are behind it, back towards White’s own first rank, and both are perfectly ordinary legal moves.

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From d2 the knight can go forward to b3, c4, e4 or f3, or backwards to b1 and f1. 1.Nf1 is the start of a manoeuvre White plays on purpose.

The L works in all eight directions with no preference for any of them. From a central square like e4 the knight has four squares in front (c5, d6, f6, g5) and four behind (c3, d2, f2, g3), an exact split. Left and right work too, though every knight move changes rank as well as file, so there is no such thing as a purely sideways hop along a rank.

Going backwards on purpose

New players treat a retreat as an admission of failure. Strong players do it all the time, and the most famous example is a knight that goes backwards twice.

In the Ruy Lopez, White plays Nb1-d2, then Nd2-f1, and only then Nf1-g3. Two of those three moves head towards White’s own back rank, and the point is the destination: from g3 the knight supports f5 and h5 and joins the kingside, work it could never do from b1. Three tempi spent on one piece, deliberately, in one of the most respected openings there is.

The same instinct shows up in tactics. When a puzzle looks stuck, the answer is often a piece stepping back rather than forward, which is exactly what quiet move puzzles are built from.

The piece that cannot do this

Every piece on the board can retreat except one. Kings, queens, rooks and bishops all go backwards without a second thought, and so does the knight. The pawn cannot, which is the reason a knight on the rim is a problem you can fix in two moves and a hole in your pawn structure is a problem you live with.

So when your knight lands somewhere and gets kicked by a pawn, do not force it forward into a worse square. Count the squares behind it. Half of a knight’s options are back the way it came.

More questions

Can a knight move sideways?

Left and right, yes, as freely as up and down. But every knight move changes the rank as well as the file, so it can never hop along a rank the way a rook slides along one. From d4 the two squares furthest to the side are c2 and c6, and both of them change rank too.

Which pieces cannot move backwards?

Only the pawn. Kings, queens, rooks, bishops and knights all retreat as easily as they advance, which is why a badly placed piece is a temporary problem and a badly placed pawn is a permanent one. The pawn also cannot capture backwards, so anything that slips behind a pawn chain is safe from the pawns.

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